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Applied Physical Science

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Module: Force and Motion / Newton's 1st Law of Motion

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Glossary

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acceleration

The rate at which a moving body changes velocity.

balanced force

Occurs when equal but opposite forces are exerted on an object resulting in no motion.

buoyancy

The force that pushes an object up in a fluid.

centrifugal force

The force that pushes a body away from the center of a circular path.

centripetal force

The net force that makes a body follow a curve (or move toward a central point).

drag

The force which acts on a body as it moves through a gas or liquid.

electromagnetic force

The force is caused by the interaction between positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

force

A push or pull that causes a body to accelerate or change directions. Mathematically: Force = Mass x Accelleration.

friction

The force between two surfaces that is dependent upon the roughness or characteristics of the surfaces and the weight, but not the surface area.

gravity

The force that pulls a body toward the center of the earth.

Hooke’s Law

States that the force developed by a stretched or compressed spring is proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed. Mathematically: F = -kx, where F is force, x is the distance the spring is stretched or compressed and k is the spring constant.

inertia

The tendency of a body to remain at rest or stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

normal force

The force that supports an object in contact with another object.

spring constant

A function of the type of material the spring is made of, the diameter of the wire it made from, the radius of the coils, and the number of coils it contains.

spring force

The force that acts on a spring to return it to its natural length. Mathematically: F = -kx, where F is force, x is the distance the spring is stretched or compressed and k is the spring constant.

tension

The magnitude of the pulling force exerted by a string, wire, cable, or chain that is pulled tight. Tension pulls equally on the objects on either end of a string.

torque

A twisting or turning force which causes something to rotate.

unbalanced force

Occurs when unequal opposite forces are exerted on an object to change its state of motion.

velocity

The rate at which a body changes position over time.

chemical energy

Potential energy stored in the bonds that hold the atoms together in a molecule.

efficiency

The comparison of useful energy output to the useful energy input.

electromagnetic energy

The energy of moving electrical charges.

fulcrum

The fixed pivot point of a lever.

gravitational energy

The potential energy of place or position due to gravitational pull.

kinetic energy

Energy in motion.

Law of Conservation of Energy

States that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

lever

A rigid object that can move freely around a fixed point (fulcrum).

machine

A device that changes the amount of force exerted or the direction of a force.

mechanical advantage

The ratio of output force to input force.

mechanical energy

The energy associated with the motion or position of an object.

nuclear energy

The potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

potential energy

Stored energy or energy of position.

power

The measure of the amount of energy per unit of time.

radiant energy

Electromagnetic energy that travels in waves which possess both electrical and magnetic properties.

simple machine

A device that only requires the application of a single force to perform work.

thermal energy

the energy caused by the vibration of atoms and molecules within a substance.

work

Occurs when a force pushes (or pulls) an object causing it to move some distance.

conduction

The transfer of heat through matter from particle to particle.

convection

The transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter.

enthalpy

The total energy from any medium in its current state.

heat

The transfer of thermal energy from one source to another.

latent heat

Heat that causes a phase change (without a temperature change).

latent heat of fusion

Energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid.

latent heat of vaporization

Energy required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas.

radiation

A form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves.

sensible heat

Heat that causes a temperature change and can be measured by the thermometer.

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius or 1 pound of a substance 1 degree Fahrenheit.

temperature

The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.

alternating current

The flow of electrons alternately pulled in one direction and then the opposite direction.

circuit breaker

A switch designed to detect an electrical fault and automatically trip or open a circuit.

current

The rate of flow of an electrical charge.

direct current

The flow of an electrical charge in a single direction through a conductive material.

electrical conductor

A material across which electric current can flow freely.

electrical insulator

A material across which electric current does not flow freely. Good insulators are characterized by their high resistivity.

electricity

The flow of electrons from one atom to another.

fuse

An electrical safety device designed to open, or break, a circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.

magnetic field

The energized space that surrounds a magnet or electric current.

resistance

A measure of a material or circuits opposition to the flow of electricity.

solenoid

A coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when an electric current passes over it. One application of a solenoid is to 'trip' a circuit breaker.

static electricity

The build up of negatively charged electrons on a surface.

voltage

The potential energy of an electrical circuit.

absolute pressure

The total of gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

atmospheric pressure

The pressure exerted by the air around you which is approximately 14.7 psi.

Bernoulli’s Principle

States that when velocity of a flow increases, pressure decreases.

density

The measure of the mass of matter compared to its volume.

gauge pressure

The reading from a pressure gauge that is calibrated to 'zero' at the standard atmospheric pressure for a given location. The absolute pressure minus the atmospheric pressure.

laminar flow

A fluid flow that is smooth and uniform.

Pascal’s Principle

States that a change in pressure of an enclosed uncompressible fluid is conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid.

pressure

Force per unit of area.

specific gravity

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance.

turbulent flow

A fluid flow that is not smooth and uniform. A turbulent flow has a Renolds number greater than 4000.

viscosity

A fluid's resistance to flow.

Learning Aids

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ForceAndMotion - Learning Aid

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Force and Motion Flash Cards

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Work, Energy and Power - Learning Aid

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Work, Energy and Power Flash Cards

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Heat - Learning Aid

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Electricity and Magnetism - Learning Aid

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Electricity and Magnetism Flash Cards

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Matter - Learning Aid

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Force and Motion

Topics

1 . Newton's 1st Law of Motion
2 . Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
3 . Gravity, Friction, Normal Forces
4 . Drag, Tension, Spring Forces
5 . Torque, Bouyancy, Electromagnetic Forces
6 . Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
7 . Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

Applied Physical Science

Topics

1 . Force and Motion
2 . Work, Energy and Power
3 . Heat
4 . Electricity and Magnetism
5 . Matter