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Equipment III

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Module: Reactors / Course Overview

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Glossary

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catalyst

a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or permanently changed chemically

catalyst fouling

The accumulation of carbon or impurities on the catalyst or packing.

catalyst poisoning

The result when contaminate chemicals bond at the surface of the catalyst but do not release.

catalytic cracking

A chemical reaction that uses a catalyst to break apart long hydrocarbon molecules.

continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)

A model of reactor design that assumes the reactants are well stirred in a vessel so that the concentration of reactants is consistent everywhere in the vessel.

inhibitor

A chemical compound that can cause a specific reaction to slow or stop.

plug flow model

A model of reactor design that simulates adding reactants at one end of a tube.

reactor

A vessel used to contain and control a chemical reaction.

run-away reaction

The result when the heat generated by the reaction or reactions exceeds the heat that can be removed.

side reaction

A secondary, often unwanted, chemical reaction that can occur along with a primary reaction in a reactor.

burner management system (BMS)

A logic-controlled system that monitors the conditions of a furnace.

damper

Flap or device inside ductwork that can be adjusted to control air.

flame impingement

A term that indicates a flame is touching the refractory or tubes or is mixing with another flame.

flue

Ductwork that removes waste gases from a furnace.

high heating value (HHV)

The amount of heat released by all the components in a fuel.

low heating value (LHV)

The high heating value (HHV) minus the heat required to vaporize the water formed during combustion.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Organization that establishes codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks.

pilot

A small burner used to light a main burner.

refractory

Special composite material used to line combustion equipment.

condenser

A type of heat exchanger that changes a medium from its gaseous state to its liquid state, either through cooling or high pressure.

fin

Plates or corrugations used on heat exchangers plates or tubes to increase surface area and heat transfer efficiency.

heat exchanger

A device that transfers heat from one fluid to another.

water hammer

A sudden momentum change in a piping system when acceleration or deceleration of a fluid creates pressure surging or waves.

approach

The difference between a cooling tower's cold water outlet temperature and the wet bulb temperature.

blowdown

The process in which some of the water from a cooling tower basin is removed and make-up water is added.

conductivity

A measure of how well a substance conducts electricity.

cooling tower

Heat exchange device that removes heat from a liquid, usually water, and discharges it to the atmosphere.

cycle of concentration (CoC)

The ratio of the solids concentration in the basin water of a cooling tower compared to the concentration of the make-up water.

drift

Liquid water drops that are trapped in rising vapor.

drift eliminator

Baffles or labryth passages used to remove drift from cooling tower vapors.

fill

The material in a cooling tower used to disperse water to create exposure to air.

make-up

Water added to a system to replace water which leaves the system due to evaporation, drift, or waste elimination.

microbe

A living organism such as bacteria, algae, and fungi.

range

The temperature difference in a cooling tower between the entering hot water and the exiting cooled water.

scale

Deposits of solids and crystals that precipitate on surfaces in contact with water.

wet bulb temperature

A measurement of the amount of moisture the ambient air can hold under current conditions.

dynamic inline mixer

A continuous inline mixer with a motor and rotating shaft, which is capable of high shear mixing.

miscibility

The tendency for two fluids to mix.

mixing valve

A mixing mechanism installed inline with piping that mixes by creating turbulence and swirling.

shear

Force applied to a fluid.

solubility

The measure of how well a solute dissolves in a solvent.

sparger

A perforated pipe used to distribute a gas as bubbles that are broken up and dispersed by the impeller.

static mixer

A tube, or pipe, containing stationary blade-like baffles used to mix liquids inline with piping.

surfactant

A compound that reduces the surface tension between immiscible liquids.

vortex

An effect that occurs when the impeller turns at high speeds and causes the fluid to displace to the sides of the vessel.

cake

The layer of solid buildup on the surface of a filter medium.

depth filtration

A filtering mechanism that removes particles by trapping them in layers throughout the medium.

filter aid

Materials added to a filter either as a pre-coat or as body feed to enhance filtration.

filtrate

The fluid that passes through the filtering medium. The filtrate may be a gas or a liquid.

mother filtrate

The liquid in the feed slurry to a filter.

permeate

In membrane separation, the liquid and smaller particles that passes through the membrane.

polish filtering

The removal of very fine or microscopic solids. Typically the last step in liquid clarification.

precoat

Filter aid added to the surface of a filter medium to enhance filtration.

retentate

In membrane separation, the feed with larger particles that does not pass through the membrane.

wash filtrate

The liquid sprayed on the cake during a wash sequence.

adsorption

The adhesion of molecules to the surface of another phase.

channeling

A term used to describe a fluid following a single path due to an unequal distribution of liquid.

chemical absorption

The incorporation of one substance into another substance by chemical reaction.

cyclone

A device that removes particles or liquid droplets from a gas stream by directing the gas in a vortex path.

dry scrubbing

The process of removing impurities from a gas by introducing a completely dry sorbent into the gas stream.

physical absorption

The incorporation of a substance in one state into another of a different state.

scrubber

A device that removes impurities from a gas stream either by absorption or adsorption.

decanter

A device that uses gravity to separate two liquids with different specific gravities.

emulsion

A suspension of two immiscible liquids.

extract

In extraction, a solution of the solute and solvent.

extraction

The process of using two immiscible liquids to separate a solute from one phase into the other.

interface

The region of separation between two immiscible liquids.

phase inversion

In extraction or decanting, a type of flooding where the interface can end up at the bottom of the column.

raffinate

In extraction, the carrier solvent with a reduced concentration of the solute.

rag

An emulsion that is stabilized by the presence of solids.

specific gravity

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance.

anti-solvent

A compound that is miscible with the solution solvent but the desired solute is relatively non-soluble with the anti-solvent.

crystal

A group of atoms arranged in a three dimensional, repetitive pattern.

crystallization

The formation of crystals from a solution.

evaporator

A device that separates compounds from a solution by vaporizing some of the solvent to produce a more concentrated solution.

metastable zone (MSZ)

The concentration of solvent and solute between saturation and super-saturation.

primary nucleation

The formation of new nuclei from a super-saturated solution.

saturation point

The point of a solution where the number of solute molecules reforming is equal to the number of molecules dissolving in the solvent.

secondary nucleation

The formation of crystal nuclei from clusters broken from formed crystals.

seeding

In crystallization, the process of adding crystals or nuclei in solution to a super-saturated solution. Seeding is used to control the number and size of crystals formed in a crystallizer.

super-saturation

The concentration of solvent and solute where the solution has more solute than would normally dissolve at a given temperature.

recuperator

In a dryer system, a heat exchange device that recovers heat for reuse.

conservation vent

A type of vent that opens only when the pressure in a vessel reaches a set point and closes when the pressure is reduced.

emergency vent

A type of vent that can relieve large amounts of gases in case of a fire or other event that can cause rapid pressure buildup

end-of-line vent

A type of vent that relieves directly to the atmosphere.

flame arrester

Device which provides flame protection for a vessel or pipe.

free vent

An open or hooded pipe open to the atmosphere.

inerting

The process of creating a non-reactive (low oxygen) atmosphere by filling a vessel with an inert gas, usually nitrogen. Also known as blanketing.

manway cover vent

Device installed on manway openings to provide emergency relief for large volumes of vapor to the atmosphere.

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)

The maximum continuous pressure for which a vessel was designed at a given temperature.

pipe-away vent

A vent that connects to piping that relieves to a relief header or containment.

relief header

A system of pipes and vents that direct the released fluid to a different location.

relief system

System that responds to overpressure levels by allowing gases or liquid to escape to the atmosphere, a storage vessel, or a relief header.

Learning Aids

Module :

Reactors - Learning Aid

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Reactors Flash Cards

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Furnaces - Learning Aid

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Furnaces Flash Cards

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Heat Exchangers - Learning Aid

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Heat Exchangers Flash Cards

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Cooling Towers - Learning Aid

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Cooling Towers Flash Cards

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Mixers - Learning Aid

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Mixers Flash Cards

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Filters and Centrifuges - Learning Aid

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Filters and Centrifuges Flash Cards

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Cyclones and Scrubbers - Learning Aid

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Decanters and Extractors - Learning Aid

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Evaporators and Crystallizers - Learning Aid

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Evaporators & Crystallizers Flash Cards

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Dryers - Learning Aid

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Vents - Learning Aid

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Vents Flash Cards

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Reactors

Topics

1 . Course Overview
2 . Controlling Chemical Reactions
3 . Catalytic Reactions
4 . Reaction Equilibrium
5 . Reactor Models
6 . Stirred Tank Reactors
7 . Gas-Liquid Reactors
8 . Gas-Solid Reactors
9 . Liquid-Solid, Liquid-Liquid Reactions
10 . Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactions
11 . Other Design Considerations
12 . Material Balance
13 . Energy Balance
14 . Operating Parameters
15 . Run-away Reactions
16 . Other Performance Issues
17 . Inspection and Maintenance

Equipment III

Topics

1 . Reactors
2 . Furnaces
3 . Heat Exchangers
4 . Cooling Towers
5 . Mixers
6 . Filters and Centrifuges
7 . Cyclones and Scrubbers
8 . Decanters, Extractors
9 . Evaporators & Crystallizers
10 . Dryers
11 . Vents